59 VIEWPOINT || JOURNAL OF CREATION 27(1) 2013 therefore believe that Merneptah’s text is alluding not to prostration before a superior, as was the widespread custom of royal courts, but to something else. The stele is of importance for its mention of “Israel”. XIII.”, William Flinders Petrie, Seventy Years in Archaeology (New York, 1932), 172. The name “Pithom”, from the Egyptian ‘Pr-itm’3, is universally understood to mean “House of Atum”4. Led away is Askelon, the Israelites had no clearly defined political capital city, but were distributed over a region.17. * The ancient Egyptian inscription dates to about 1205 B.C.E. The ancient Egyptian king is … The Merneptah stele describes in great detail all of the spoils of war and military victories enjoyed by the Pharaoh and his army. This is the first time the name “Israel” appears outside the Old Testament. The problem lies with its location: no one knows where it is. 5, No. ↩, “Poetic lines on this monument mention the conquest of the cities Ashkelon, Gezer, and Yenoam, as well as of Israel, which appears here (as a name of a tribe) for the first and only time in Egyptian sources.” Amihai Mazar, Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000-586 B.C.E. That makes it hard to demonstrate a one-to-one correspondence between Merneptah’s Israel and those who settled the Canaanite highlands. The Merneptah Stele is an important archaeological discovery because the name “Israel” appears in the Stele. The 13th son of his long-lived father, Ramses II, Merneptah was nearing 60 years of age at his accession in about 1213. The Merneptah Stele (also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah) is the reverse of a stele originally erected by the Ancient Egyptian king Amenhotep III, but later inscribed by Merneptah in the thirteenth century BCE. Available here. ", J. K. Hoffmeier, "The Egyptian Origins of Israel: Recent Developments in Historiography", in Thomas E. Levy, Thomas Schneider, William H.C. Propp (eds. Finding out that biblical ‘hail’ was actually ‘ice and fire mixed together’, which is actually ash blobs. (Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 94. The Merneptah Stela proves the early date for the conquest of 1406 BC: 1. While the Bible does not mention Pharaoh Merneptah or his campaign, the Merneptah Stele has great biblical significance. ↩, William G. Dever, Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? 2. It rested on the base of the column at its east side.8. "Identifying Earliest Israel. What’s more insightful is William Dever’s argumentation working out where Israel, in the mind of the scribe, was located.27 Let’s go through that now. stone slab (or stela) commemorates the victory of an Aramean king over his two southern neighbors: the “king of … The name of this people iisii-r-iar changed into Israël, through the alteration of the letter r into l. I had however omitted a detail, discussed in this present articl… A fresh look at Berlin statue pedestal relief 21687", "The Identity of Early Israel: The Realignment and Transformation of Late Bronze-Iron Age Palestine", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merneptah_Stele&oldid=1014712805, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles with dead external links from January 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, A continuation of the description of Libya referring to "wearers of the sidelock", Dever, William G. 1995. Tell el-Maskhuta 2. ↩, Flinders Petrie, Six Temples at Thebes, 1896 (London, 1897), 28. The text glorifies King Merneptah’s victories over the Libyans and their Sea People allies. Hjelm, Ingrid and Thomas L. Thompson. Merneptah Tomb Facts Merneptah Tomb Map & Design: Tomb contains a long passage of 160 meters to the royal burial chamber. I could go on, but I won’t. The inscriptions are put down on a ten foot high piece of black granite. pp. Available here. Conquest, The text itself is dated by most analysts as c. 1209/1208 bc in the Conventional Egyptian Chronology (CEC). It would be absurd for Egypt to attach during the life of Joshua. The stele was found in King Merneptah’s funerary chapel in Thebes, the ancient Egyptian capital on the west bank of the Nile. ↩, “All Egyptologists are agreed that the names of Ashkelon, Gezer, and Yanoam refer to city-states in Canaan, as shown by the fact that the Egyptian scribe has attached to these what is called a “determinative sign,” that is, a sign that specifies what the place is. In the 1970s Frank Yurco announced that some reliefs at Karnak which had been thought to depict events in the reign of Ramesses II, Merenptah's father, in fact belonged to Merenptah. Ancient-Conquest-Accounts, 5, Issue 2 (1991), 23. The mention of ‘Israel’ as a people rather than a region in the Merneptah Stele identifies them as an important socioeconomic entity and therefore a political threat to a hegemonic Egypt. Discovered in 1896 in Merneptah's mortuary temple in Thebes by Flinders Petrie, the stela is a poetic eulogy to pharaoh Merneptah, who ruled Egypt after Rameses the Great, ca. Flinders Petrie had the ground below the stele shovelled out creating a small space to crawl into. However, Noll makes the case that Israel were/was not in the central hill country: Israel… apparently, lived in the vicinity of Ashkelon, Gezer and Yanoam, thus, perhaps the Cisjordan Highlands or the Jezreel Valley. His conclusions are based on the suggestion by G. R. Driver (1948: 135) that the Egyptian letter 's' in the word could also represent the Hebrew, Davies (2008): "Assuming we have Merneptah's dates correctly as 1213–1203, and that the reading "Israel" is correct, the reference places an Israel in Palestine in the thirteenth century. News of the stele caused a sensation. If that is the case, and plenty seem to agree26, then insisting that the Israel of the Merneptah Stele refers to a people group rather than a city/location is probably going too far. There’s one problem with all this: the Israelite Settlement Pattern we went through in the previous post didn’t begin until maybe 50-70 years after Merneptah’s mention of Israel. The Stele of Merneptah (1220-1210 BC) Age of the Patriarchs Description: Under the winged sun disc stands the god Amon in double representation. Discovered in 1896 in Merneptah's mortuary temple in Thebes by Flinders Petrie, the stela is a poetic eulogy to pharaoh Merneptah, who ruled Egypt after Rameses the Great, ca. The text glorifies King Merneptah’s victories over the Libyans and their Sea People allies. Available here. It also describes a separate campaign in Canaan, which was then part of Egypt’s imperial possessions. The stele that he had commissioned was inscribed on the back of an existing stele, and this contributed to why it was not discovered until 1896 AD [1]. One of these was the Temple of Merneptah (or “Merenptah” as he used to be referred to as) – for the sake of any who’ve toured Egypt, it’s behind (north-west of) the Colossi of Memnon. Significance of the Merneptah Stele Sir William Flinders Petrie discovered a ten-foot-tall inscribed black granite slab in the ruins of the funerary temple of Pharaoh Merneptah in 1896. Available here. Scholars have implied that the name Israel could be interpreted as Iezreel or Jezreal, the valley to the north of the country. ↩, I guess the following labels and who I’ve attached to them say more about me than it does the authors, but, whatever. The Merneptah Stele—also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah—is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign:1213 to 1203 BC).Discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes, it is now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Elsewhere Flinders Petrie wrote that the destruction and looting Menreptah had inflicted on his predecessor Amenhotep III’s mortuary temple was, …as bad as anything ever done by Turk or Pope…7. Commonly called the Merneptah Stele, it was uncovered in 1896 by an English pioneer in Egyptology, Sir Flinders Petrie, who considered it his most important discovery because of its connection to the Bible. The stele itself depicts Amon-Re giving Merneptah a sword for his divinely sanctioned military campaign (Pritchard, 1950, 376). T he Merneptah Stele (or Israel Stele) is an engraved stone slab which describes Pharaoh Merneptah’s military victories in 1207 b.c. The king is also shown twice, standing before the god with a sickle sword in one hand and a scepter in the other. Renowned British archaeologist Flinders Petrie discovered this two-meter-tall, … Canaan is plundered, The Merneptah Stele is famous for its inscription by the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah (1213 to 1203 BC) and was discovered in 1896 at Thebes. New translation of line 27 of the Merneptah Stele with highlighted punctuation (rectangles). Libya is captured, ↩, Tags: On its discovery Flinders Petrie wasn’t slow to realise the stele’s significance – on the same night he learned what the inscription on the large, black, granite slab said, he declared, “This stele will be better known in the world than anything else I have found.”1 To this day it remains one of the most significant artefacts related to the history of early Israel, and it’s certainly what Flinders Petrie is best known for – unless you’re an Australian when greater significance is placed on him being the grandson of Matthew Flinders.2. Some of The Merneptah Stele is a 7-foot stone slab with Egyptian hieroglyphics inscriptions dating back to Pharaoh Merneptah (c. 1230 B.C.) The Merneptah Stele The Merneptah Stele — also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah — is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign:1213 to 1203 BC), which appears on the reverse side of a granite stele erected by the king Amenhotep III. One line mentions Israel: "Israel is laid … It … and recounts the … and makes mention of Israel. (Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), 2. ↩, Flinders Petrie, “Egypt and Israel,” The Contemporary Review, May 1896, 619. T he Merneptah Stele (or Israel Stele) is an engraved stone slab which describes Pharaoh Merneptah’s military victories in 1207 b.c. Though the end of his reign was peaceful enough Merneptah ruled during the beginning of the Late Bronze Age collapse and he suffered the first waves of the invasions of the Sea People. 83, The Biblical Seminar (New York: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 125–126. To me, the Merneptah stele is more interesting as a mere artifact. The Merneptah Stele has long been touted as the earliest extrabiblical reference to Israel. THE MERNEPTAH Stele is believed by some to contain the first written record of Israel, which a biblical scholar has said proves the Israelites occupied the ancient lands of Canaan. e. The stele itself is dated to the year 1205 b.c.e. And so the significance of the stele was established; the earliest mention of “Israel” outside the bible. The Merneptah Stele - also known as the Israel Stele or the Victory Stele of Merneptah - is an inscription by the ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign: 1213 to 1203 BC) discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes, and now housed in the Egyptian Muse Israel alone is determined by the hieroglyphic sign for ‘foreign people’ something that may be taken as an indication of a different status of Israel in comparison to the other names on the inscription.” Niels Peter Lemche, The Israelites in History and Tradition (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998), 36-37. But out of the 28 lines of … (Long) Before Pharaoh Merenptah? A more recent translation benefiting from more than 100 years of scholarship14 is as follows: The (foreign) chieftains lie prostrate, saying “Peace.” Since the discovery of the Merneptah Stele, a considerable amount of noise has been made about the fact that its mention of “Israel”, in contrast to Canaan, Ashkelon, Gezer, Yenoam, and Hurru, is given the people determinative instead of the place determinative. 2012. 1997. Merneptah, however, unleashed his archers against them, while his infantry and chariotry held fast. The ancient Egyptian ruler is believed to have reigned between 1213 and 1203 BCE when he conquered the Libyans and their allies. Dr Spiegelberg of Strasbourg University, working with Flinders Petrie on translating inscriptions, …lay there copying for an afternoon, and came out saying, “There are names of various Syrian towns, and one which I do not know, Isirar.” “Why, that is Israel,” said I. This ninth-century B.C. and Hurru is become a widow because of Egypt. Artefacts, The monument was found where it had once stood in ancient Egypt, at the temple that honored Pharaoh Merneptah. The Merneptah Stele—also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah—is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (1213 BC-1203 BC), which appears on the reverse side of a granite stele erected by the king Amenhotep III.It was discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes.. And Dever’s not alone in this. Israelite-Origins, Israelite Settlement Pattern we went through in the previous post, A critical assessment of the scientific explanation for the Ten Plagues in “The Exodus Decoded” – Plague 7: Hail, Continuing our critical assessment of the scientific explanation for the ten plagues in “The Exodus Decoded” – Plagues 2 to 6, A critical assessment of the scientific explanation for the Ten Plagues in “The Exodus Decoded” – Lake Nyos and the First Plague, From Cornwall to Canaan: Locating the Southern Levant’s Late Bronze Age Source of Tin, Galilee, being the northern part of Canaan, was under Egyptian control. On it he described his building projects that included his mortuary temple, the Luxor temple, and the third Pylon at Karnak.9 Many years later Merneptah took the Stele and had his own inscription written on the back of it. ", Miller, Robert D. 2004. are subdued by the king of Upper and Lower Egypt … Merneptah.15. The mention of Israel is very short; it simply says, “Israel is laid waste, its seed is not.” Nevertheless, despite its brevity, the reference is … The Merneptah Stele is an important archaeological discovery because the name "Israel" appears in the Stele. Perhaps Merneptah was symbolically stating, that he had regained that control, lost over a hundred years earlier? Tell el-Ratabah 3. Or something. ↩, e.g. I will argue that it refers to both.” Gösta W. Ahlström, “The origin of Israel in Palestine,” Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament: An International Journal of Nordic Theology, Vol. New York: Blackwell", "The Battle Of Kadesh: Identifying New Kingdom Polities, Places, And Peoples In Canaan And Syria", "Bitter lives: Israel in and out of Egypt", "Israel in Canaan. The Merneptah Stele is a 7-foot stone slab with Egyptian hieroglyphics inscriptions dating back to Pharaoh Merneptah (c. 1230 B.C.) Not one lifts his head among the Nine Bows. and recounts the military conquests of the pharaoh Merneptah. The stele is of importance for its mention of “Israel”. The Merneptah Stele is an ancient slab of rock describing the many conquests of the Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah. Merneptah ruled from 1213 to 1203 BCE. e. The stele itself is dated to the year 1205 b.c.e. Petrie 1897. Only two days after his lecture, readers of the Yorkshire Post3 were given the highlights by the journalist who’d attended Flinders Petrie’s lecture: The first mention of the “Children of Israel” discovered upon any monument of ancient Egypt has been brought to light as one of the results of the recent labours of Professor Flinders Petrie… this mention is quite brief, but perfectly clear.4. One of these was the Temple of Merneptah (or “Merenptah” as he used to be referred to as) – for the sake of any who’ve toured Egypt, it’s behind (north-west of) the Colossi of Memnon. while Hatti is pacified. Historicity, ↩, Sidney Smith, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. The Merneptah Stele — also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah — is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (1213 to 1203 BC), which appears on the reverse side of a granite stele erected by the king Amenhotep III.It was discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes.. Available here. The Merneptah Stele. Miller makes the same point: The Merneptah Stele is direct positive evidence that the term “Israel” was used for some entity in the highlands of Palestine in the parlance of Late Bronze IIb sources.29. Spiegelberg wasted no time and published his transcription the same year.12 Here’s the pertinent bit, found on line 27 of the inscription: The mention of Israel comes almost at the end of the stele in a list of places and towns Merneptah had fought. 3523–27, The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. against the Libyans, and, eventually a campaign to Canaan by which a group of people named Israel would have been destroyed. ↩, “The Merneptah stele refers to Israel as a group of people already living in Canaan.” Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed (Free Press, 2001), 60. 2. That makes the alternative reading "Jezreel" less likely – though Hebrew "s" and "z" could both be represented by the same Egyptian letter; also, since "Jezreel" is partly made up of the word for "seed", the inscription could be a pun by a Semitic speaking scribe. Also, in unrelated but relatively recent Matthew Flinders news… ↩, Let the record show that back when I was 13 years old I delivered the Yorkshire Post on my paper round – a short career that came to a sudden and abrupt end after sleeping in and missing my round. Merneptah Stele. It commemorates Egypt’s victories over its enemies and was erected by Pharaoh Merneptah (1213- 1203 BC) in his 5th year. I didn't realize it was so big until I stood in front of it. “Ceramics, Ethnicity, and the Question of Israel’s Origin.”. ↩, Michael G. Hasel, “Israel in the Merneptah Stela,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (November), no. Egypt's museums contain many ancient steles but the rest were generally much smaller. For a summary of many of the issues and a sensible conclusion see Michael G. Hasel, “Israel in the Merneptah Stela,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (November), no. has entered a new phase of discussion and debate in recent reconstructions of the origin of ancient Israel. The Merneptah Stele The significance of the text to the topic of Israelite Origins should be obvious: If the Egyptians bumped into a people called “Israel” somewhere in Canaan, the Israelites must have already finished their wilderness wandering and arrived in Canaan, giving us the absolute latest date that the Israelites could have arrived in Canaan. Miller explains this better than I can: …it makes no difference what the Iron I highlanders called themselves: they were the direct antecedents of Iron II Israel and, thus, “Proto-Israel.” There is direct continuity from the Iron I highlands to Iron II Israel and Judah in pottery, settlements, architecture, burial customs, and metals… So whatever the Iron I highlanders called themselves, by their continuity with Iron II they were nevertheless “those elements that were not yet Israel, but which went into or led up to the creation of Israel” (Thompson 1987:33). The Merneptah Stele is an enticing inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah discovered in 1896 at Thebes by Flinders Petrie. ", Shanks, Herschel. All lands together—they are in peace. The four reliefs show the capture of three cities, one of them labelled as Ashkelon; Yurco suggested that the other two were Geze… 1210 BC. Kheta is quieted, Available here. (Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006), 206. Yet since the Merneptah Stele records that the name of this community, or at least part of it, was Israel, once archaeology has established the continuity to Iron II, there is no reason to retain the prefix “Proto-.”32. As Miller points out, the people determinative is used on this same stele for places, specifically, A thorough examination of Egyptian scribal practice, however, shows the use of the determinative to be almost completely arbitrary… Within the Merneptah Stele itself, in lines 4–5 the Meshwesh, who are definitely a people, have the city-state determinative; in line 5 and line 10 the Libyan people (rbw) have the city-state determinative; and in lines 11 and 21 Libya (Tjehenu [thnw]) has both the people determinative and the city-state determinative. It also describes a separate campaign in Canaan, which was then part of Egypt’s imperial possessions. 296 (1994): 51. and makes mention of Israel. You’re not paying me for this. Seized is the Kanaan with every evil, * The ancient Egyptian inscription dates to about 1205 B.C.E. ↩, William G. Dever, Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? Those who went about like the sun every day.13. The significance of the reference to Israel on the Merneptah stele was not lost on the archaeologists and translators. ↩, Flinders Petrie, Seventy Years in Archaeology (New York, 1932), 172. The Merneptah Stele is one of the many external archeological evidence corroborating the historical events in the Bible and the existence of Israel / Jews in the Holy Land. The thing is, it’s probably not that clear cut. Date of death: 1202 BC. (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1990), 234. Israelite Origins. ↩, Michael G. Hasel, “Israel in the Merneptah Stela,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (November), no. The Merneptah Stele—also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah—is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign: 1213 to 1203 BC) discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes, and now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The information below was taken from the article on the Merneptah Stele published in Wikipedia: Powered by. Merneptah, king of Egypt (reigned 1213–04 bc) who successfully defended Egypt against a serious invasion from Libya. I have demonstrated that “iisii-r-iar” is in fact an egyptian sentence meaning: those exiled because of their sin.
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