That resolves the chronological discrepancy between the Biblical date for the Exodus in 1446 and the date of Thutmose III’s death in 1450, and in so doing it puts the Exodus directly in the middle of two sets of problematic texts and thus provides another potential explanation for them. Exodus occurs in spring of 1446BC . The only difference is that the identity of the Pharaoh of the Exodus has been shifted from Thutmose III to Amenhotep IIA. What Do the New Jersey Marijuana Regulations Mean? From among them, Ramesses II is the heavy favorite of Bible-believing scholars, bolstered by the Torah’s explicit mention of the place-names Ramesses (Gen. 47:11) and Raamses (Exod. Trends and Perspectives, Re-calculating the Historical Age of the Israelites in Egypt and the Date of the Exodus PART TWO. He was the “Master of the Horse” for Amenhotep III, the grandson of Thutmose III. In 1483 B.C., Moses was exiled from Egypt by this Thutmose upon the death of Hatshepsut, Moses’ foster mother and protector… Upon the death of Thutmose in 1450, Amenhotep II assumed the sole leadership of the country.” According to the Good News article, it was Amenhotep II who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus. 1070-180 BC). Amenhotep II was "second born" son of Thutmoses III: a. Thutmoses III is confirmed as the pharaoh of the exodus in that his firstborn son "Amenemhat" by Queen Merytre-Hatshepsut died in the 10 th plague but his second born son, Amenhotep II survived the 10 th plague and succeeded Thutmoses III … Careful review of his heavy documentation has surfaced a gap of roughly eight years, from his 12th year to his 19th. The papyrus describes violent upheavals in Egypt, starvation, drought, escape of slaves (with the wealth of the Egyptians), and death throughout the land. He inherited the throne at a time when Egypt was well established as the world ruler. Moreover, it is possible that evidence of any of the first nine “plagues” will never be found. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. For another, the trauma of the last plague (see Ex. Amenhotep III’s son Akhenaten brought on the Amarna Revolution, the theological civil war that violently pitted Egyptian god against god, priest against priest, which would certainly qualify as the ultimate manifestation of God’s “judgment against the Egyptian deities” (Exod. In the recent Ridley Scott film, Exodus: Gods and Kings, Moses confronts the Egyptian pharaoh, Ramses II, with the request that pharaoh let Moses lead the children of Israel. Finally, the darkness of the ninth plague is reminiscent of the Ipuwer’s report in “Admonitions of a Sage,” dated to Egypt’s Middle Kingdom or Hyksos times, that the sun was obscured during a violent period. The smoothly polished massive statue depicts the pharaoh seated with a … William Shea. 11:4). 33:4) may have overwritten memory of the first nine plagues. Throughout his 40 years of reign, he had built incredible statues. Or so it seemed. Read More on This Topic ancient Egypt: Amenhotep III THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS Upon Amenhotep II's death, his co-regent for 29 years, the 4th Thutmoses, became Amenhotep III. The final step before determining whether Amenhotep II is a viable candidate for the exodus-pharaoh is to synchronize the date of the exodus with Egyptian history. So far, Pharaoh Merneptah’s stela from around 1209 BCE is the first mention we have found of a people called “Israel.” Until then, Egypt and other powers may have thought of the Israelites as just another group of Apiru or Shasu—nomadic or semi-nomadic groups that attacked the Canaanite city-states. If Amenhotep II was the exoduspharaoh, his firstborn son had to die without the chance to … The Exodus Problem. The Pharaoh of the oppression would be Thutmose III (1490-1436 b.c.). Amenhotep III proclaimed himself a deity while he was still alive, something no pharaoh before him had done. The Pharaoh of the Exodus would be Amenhotep II (1436-1407 b.c. 18. Ira Friedman, a retired attorney, is an independent researcher with an interest in the intersection of the Torah and ancient Egyptian history. ). Exodus date 1443 occurred at end of ninth year, beginning of tenth year of Amenhotep II who reigned jointly two and a half years with Thutmose III. 1:11), confirmation that Ramesses II did indeed have a palatial city called Pi-Ramesses, and a dramatic upsurge, starting at the end of his century, in Israelite settlements across the Canaanite hill country and Transjordan. Modern archaeologists claim there is no evidence of a mass exodus of any group from Egypt and they generally assign the Biblical Exodus to the reign of Rameses the Great but this date is far to late for an Israelite mass exodus. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. To learn more, view our, Re-calculating the Historical Age of the Israelites in Egypt and the Date of the Exodus Part THREE. 45, No. 3. Among the documents that broke the silence were records of appointments to various offices, replacing former incumbents whose names have been scratched out along with the cause of their departure. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. ), and the Exodus occurred about 1445/6 b.c. AMENHOTEP III 1390-1352 Amenhotep II, the Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Amenhotep III was Thutmose's son by a minor wife, Mutemwiya. Some proponents of the early Exodus date (around 1450 BC) propose the successor of Thutmose III, his son Amenhotep II, as a possible option for the pharaoh of the Exodus. For one thing, the Egyptians usually avoided recording bad events. THUTMOSE III 1504-1450 Takes over rule of Egypt in 1483, rules Egypt for 22 years and dies. The Temple was built in his fourth year (965 b.c. An ancient inscription records an Egyptian officer’s complaints about bites from swarms of insects, reminiscent of the fourth plague. ), and Rameses II (1279 - 1213 B.C.). Amenhotep III (Ancient Egyptian: imn-ḥtp(.w) "Amun is Satisfied"; Hellenized as Amenophis III), also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. 2. This sounds very much like confirmation of Moses’ remark that the army was still disabled years after the Israelites left Egypt (Deut. Moreover, the Egyptians had experienced events similar to the first nine plagues before. The Exodus from Egypt: Archaeological Data and Expectations. Biblical passages correlate by Damien F. Mackey Part One: His father was a Thutmose Having a double set of the combination: Thutmose – Amenhotep in the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Tuthmosis III Amenhotep II Tuthmosis IV Amenhotep III inevitably makes me wonder if, as in the case of Egypt’s Old-Middle Kingdoms, some duplications may have occurred,… The only difference is that the identity of the Pharaoh of the Exodus has been shifted from Thutmose III to Amenhotep IIA. According to Egyptologist Arielle Kozloff, this and other factors add up to emerging evidence that epidemics caused this Pharaoh’s scribes to fall silent (she suspects the black plague). Is the Pharaoh of the Exodus. When Amenhotep III (reigned c1390 - 1352 BC) became Pharaoh in 1390 BC, Egypt had become the richest and most powerful nation on earth through war and conquest. There is more. Thutmose III reigned 54 years 1504-1450 B.C. No doubt, epidemics struck ancient Egypt from time to time. Archaeologists digging in Egypt have made a discovery that could bring major changes to Egyptian history and chronology. It was taken to the Leiden Museum in Holland and interpreted by A.H. Gardiner in 1909. According to different authors, he ruled Egypt from June 1386 to 1349 BC, or from June 1388 BC to December 1351 BC/1350 BC, after his father Thutmose IV died. Vol. The Writing of History in Ancient Egypt during the First Millennium BC (ca. Osarsiph sent ambassadors to the shepherd kings in Jerusalem who had long bef… During his reign, Tuthmosis IV helped make Egypt a prosperous nation, bringing in gold and making alliances with other nations. AMENHOTEP II 1452-1417 Takes throne 6 years before Moses returns from Midian. Amenhotep II was born to Thutmose III and a minor wife of the king: Merytre-Hatshepsut.He was not, however, the firstborn son of this pharaoh; his elder brother Amenemhat, the son of the great king's chief wife Satiah, was originally the intended heir to the throne since Amenemhat was designated the 'king's eldest son" and overseer of the cattle of Amun in Year 24 of Thutmose's reign. But even Kozloff notes the similarity between the scenario she draws and the Exodus story, although she defers to the view that a 13th-entury BCE Pharaoh let the Israelites leave Egypt. AMENHOTEP III AND THE EXODUS. I will explain why his writings should be regarded as remnants of ancient Egyptian records and oral traditions that testify to the historical records. So, in the first plague, God may have led the Egyptians to focus their prayers for relief from that and later plagues on Sekhmet, setting them up for the last plague, in which God repudiated Sekhmet (and the other Egyptian deities) when He prevented “the Destroyer” from attacking Israelite houses (Exod. A team of Spanish and Egyptian archaeologists made a find in a southern Egyptian tomb that opens the way to a … Amenhotep II began to reign in 1453 B.C. The Akhenaten's reign: an egyptological delirium! I admit to a motive here: he attributes these Exodus-like events to Amenhotep III and one of the Thutmosides (not Hatshepsut, but she may be the Pharaoh he means). 12:12). The account parallels the Book of Exodus. This absence has provided the occasion for considerable controversy and speculation as to just who this Pharaoh was and when he ruled in Egypt. He had an unprecedented accumulation of wealth, he was “rich in horses” and he was evidently a womanizer. During the reigns of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten, the Egyptian army remained inexplicably quiescent even as strife was tearing apart Egypt’s Canaanite city-state vassals and diminishing the tribute they paid to Egypt. While pharaohs in general were self-indulgent—self-promoting inscriptions, extensive building projects, wall paintings and the like testifying to extravagant lifestyles—Amenhotep III seems to stand out for these particular indulgences. 16- Thutmose IV succeeded his father Amenhotep II although he was not actually the crown prince and the one chosen by Amenhotep II as successor to the throne. He ruled approximately from 1452 BC to 1425 BC. Frogs frequently came on land after Nile inundations—as they did in the second plague—so much so that the Egyptians considered them an omen of fertility. Recently, however, scholars made a discovery that could add another name to the list: Amenhotep III (1390-1353 BCE). oPapyrus 2:10- The river is blo… Amenhotep II as Pharaoh of the Exodus. Daughter of Thutmose I (a pharaoh) was Hatshepsut, who adopted Moses. 12:12). Image: Amenhotep III. He was the 9th pharaoh, the grandson of Thutmosis III. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Kathleen Kenyon determined the Israelites conquered Jericho between 1350-1325 BCE where the last cartouches of pharaoh Amenhotep III were found in some of the tombs, thus suggesting Amenhotep III was the likely pharaoh of the Exodus…
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